Explore the evidence: A selected bibliography
(links go to PubMed or open access articles in a new window)

The original ACE study and a replication in population representative samples
  1. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of deaths in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245-58.
  2. Gilbert LK, Breiding MJ, Merrick MT, Thompson WW, Ford DC, Dhingra SS, et al. Childhood adversity and adult chronic disease: an update from ten states and the District of Columbia, 2010. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48(3):345-9.
 
Expanding ACE categories to recognize other forms of adversity
  1. PF Cronholm, CM Forke, R Wade, MH Bair-Merritt, M Davis, M Harkins-Schwarz, LM Pachter, JA Fein. Adverse Childhood Experiences: Expanding the Concept of Adversity, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 49, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 354-361
  2. D Finkelhor, A Shattuck, H Turner, S Hamby. Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Jan;167(1):70-5. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.420.

ACEs are strongly linked to health outcomes
  1. Afifi TO, MacMillan HL, Boyle M, Taillieu T, Cheung K, Sareen J. Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada. CMAJ. 2014;186(9):E324-32.
  2. Suglia SF, Koenen KC, Boynton-Jarrett R, Chan PS, Clark CJ, Danese A, et al. Childhood and Adolescent Adversity and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart  Association. Circulation. 2018;137(5):e15-e28.
  3. Afifi TO, MacMillan HL, Boyle M, Cheung K, Taillieu T, Turner S, et al. Child abuse and physical health in adulthood. Health Rep. 2016;27(3):10-8.
  4. Shields ME, Hovdestad WE, Gilbert CP, Tonmyr LE. Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for COPD: findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:2641-50.
  5. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Hardcastle KA, Perkins C, Lowey H. Measuring mortality and the burden of adult disease associated with adverse childhood experiences in England: a national survey. J Public Health (Oxf). 2015;37(3):445-54.
  6. Dong M, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Giles WH, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into the causal pathway. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(16):1949-56.
  7. Brown DW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Malarcher AM, Croft JB, et al. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:20.
  8. Fuller-Thomson E, Brennenstuhl S. Making a link between childhood physical abuse and cancer: results from a regional representative survey. Cancer. 2009;115(14):3341-50.
  9. Kelly-Irving M, Lepage B, Dedieu D, Lacey R, Cable N, Bartley M, et al. Childhood adversity as a risk for cancer: findings from the 1958 British birth cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:767.
  10. Brown MJ, Thacker LR, Cohen SA. Association between adverse childhood experiences and diagnosis of cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65524.
  11. Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(8):e356-e66.
  12. Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Naimark B. Childhood abuse, adult health, and health care utilization: results from a representative community sample. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(9):1031-
  13. Sachs-Ericsson N, Kendall-Tackett K, Hernandez A. Childhood abuse, chronic pain, and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Child Abuse Negl. 2007;31(5):531-47.
  14. Afifi TO, Enns MW, Cox BJ, Asmundson GJ, Stein MB, Sareen J. Population attributable fractions of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts associated with adverse childhood experiences. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(5):946-52.
  15. Porcerelli JH, Jones JR, Klamo R, Heeney R. Childhood abuse in adults in primary care: Empirical findings and clinical implications. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2017;52(3):265-76.
  16. Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Naimark B. Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health and health care utilization. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(6):454-64.
  17. Kamiya Y, Timonen V, Kenny RA. The impact of childhood sexual abuse on the mental and physical health, and healthcare utilization of older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(3):415-22.
  18. Fang X, Brown DS, Florence CS, Mercy JA. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse Negl. 2012;36(2):156-65.
 
Doctors’ attitudes and practices and patients’ experiences and perspectives
  1. Tink W, Tink JC, Turin TC, Kelly M. Adverse Childhood Experiences: Survey of Resident Practice, Knowledge, and Attitude. Fam Med. 2017;49(1):7-13.
  2. Friedman LS, Samet JH, Roberts MS, Hudlin M, Hans P. Inquiry about victimization experiences. A survey of patient preferences and physician practices. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(6):1186-90.
  3. Gillespie RJ, Folger AT. Feasibility of Assessing Parental ACEs in Pediatric Primary Care: Implications for Practice-Based Implementation. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2017;10(3):249-56.
  4. Berry KM, Rutledge CM. Factors That Influence Women to Disclose Sexual Assault History to Health Care Providers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2016;45(4):553-64.
  5. Schachter CL, Radomsky NA, Stalker CA, Teram E. Women survivors of child sexual abuse. How can health professionals promote healing? Can Fam Physician. 2004;50:405-12.
  6. Weinreb L, Savageau JA, Candib LM, Reed GW, Fletcher KE, Hargraves JL. Screening for childhood trauma in adult primary care patients: a cross-sectional survey. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(6).
  7. Glowa PT, Olson AL, Johnson DJ. Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences in a Family Medicine Setting: A Feasibility Study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29(3):303-7.
  8. Jaffe AE, DiLillo D, Hoffman L, Haikalis M, Dykstra RE. Does it hurt to ask? A meta-analysis of participant reactions to trauma research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;40:40-56.
  9. Finkelhor D. Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Cautions and suggestions. Child Abuse Negl. 2017.